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Satellite
History
The satellite television signal was broadcast for the first in Europe to the Telstar satellite on the North America in 1962. The first geostationary communication satellite, Syncom 2 was launched in 1963. The world's first communications satellite commercial, called Intelsat I (nicknamed Early Bird) was placed in synchronous orbit, April 6, 1965. The first national network television satellite called Orbita, was created in the Soviet Union in 1967 and was based on the principle of the use of highly elliptical satellite Molniya broadcasting and distribution of TV signals down soil. The first national satellite in North America to make television geostationary Anik 1 was Canada, which was published in 1972. ATS-6, the first experimental satellite broadcasting educational and direct, has been launched in 1974. The first geostationary satellite to proceed directly Soviet television at home, called Ekran, was launched in 1976.
Technology
Satellites used for television signals are generally naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of + / -63.4 degrees and orbital period of about 12 hours, also known as Molniya orbits) or 37.000 kilometers in geostationary orbit (22.300 miles) above the equator of the Earth.
Satellite television, like other satellite communications, starts with a transmitting antenna located in a satellite uplink center. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9-12 meters (30-40 feet) in diameter. The increase in diameter results on the more precise targeting and greater signal intensity in the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and liaison uplink signals transmitted in a certain range of frequencies to be received by one of the transponders tuned to this frequency range aboard the satellite. The transponder "Broadcast" signals to Earth, but on a different frequency band (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with uplink), usually in the C-band (48 GHz) or Ku-band (1218 GHz) or both. The first step the signal path between the satellite and the receiving earth station is called the downlink.
A typical satellite has 32 transponders to Ku-band and 24 C-band only satellite, hybrid or more satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth from 27 MHz to 50. Each satellite C-band geostationary must be within 2 degrees the next satellite (to avoid interference). For Ku space may be 1 degree. This means that there an upper limit of 360 / 2 = 180 geostationary satellites in C-band and 360 / 1 = 360 geostationary Ku-band. C-band transmission is susceptible to interference land while Ku-band transmission affected by rain (water is an absorber of microwave excel at this particular frequency).
Signal satellite downlink, quite weak after trip to the great distance (see inverse square law), is collected by a receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal from the antenna coordinate point. Mounted on brackets at the focal point of the antenna is a device called a feedhorn. This horn is essentially the front end of a burned-section of waveguide that gathers signals at or near the focal point and "leads a probe or pickup connected to an LNB or LNB Downconverter. The LNB amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters block frequencies in which the satellite television signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies at a lower frequency range of the L-band Evolution the LNB was one of necessity and invention.
The original systems in C-band satellite TV using an amplifier low noise connected to the horn at the focal point of the parable. The amplified signal is then fed by very expensive and sometimes the impedance 50 ohms Gas filled coaxial cable to a receiver or radical interior, in other designs fed to a Downconverter (a mixer and oscillator line with filter circuits) to a Downconversion MF. The channel selection was controlled, usually by an oscillator to the voltage Agreement to be powered by a separate cable from the header. But this concept has evolved.
Designs for microstrip converters for frequencies Amateurs have been adapted for the 4 GHz C-Band. Central to these designs was concept of block Downconversion a range of frequencies to a minor, and blocking technology facilitate the management of frequencies (MF).
The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect receiver inside the dish and satellite TV LNB, and technology for signal processing in L-Band and UHF was far less expensive than the management of C-band signal frequencies to pass the technology cheaper cable impedance of 50 Ohms and N-connections in the C-band systems to less expensive technology and plugs 75 ohm F-license the first satellite TV receivers to use what they have actually changed on UHF TV tuners which selected the satellite for conversion to a lower intermediate frequency centered on 70 MHz in which demodulated. This change allowed the satellite television DTH industry in exchange for being a big fan of the one where receivers were built in small numbers and complete systems were expensive (thousands of dollars) for measuring a mass commercial production.
Direct broadcast satellite dishes are equipped an LNBF, which integrates the horn with the LNB.
The satellite receiver demodulates and converts the signals into the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.) Sometimes, the receiver includes the ability to encrypt or decrypt, the receiver is called an integrated receiver / decoder or IRD. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNBF or LNB must be low loss RG-6 quad shield RG-6 and RG-11, etc., may not be standard RG-59.
Standards
analog television delivered via satellite is usually sent scrambled or encoded in NTSC, PAL, SECAM or television standards. The analog signal is frequency modulated and is converted from an FM signal with respect to the band. This group has the video signal and the subcarrier Audio (s). Subcarrier demodulated to provide the audio signal sound gross.
If the signal is a digital television signal or combinations of signals, typically QPSK.
In general, digital television, including one sent by the satellites, are generally based on open standards as MPEG and DVB-S and ISDB-S.
The conditional access encryption or encoding methods include BISS, Conax, DigiCipher, Irdeto, Nagravision, PowerVu, Viaccess, Videocipher and VideoGuard. Many conditional access systems have been compromised.
Use categories
There are three main types of use of satellite television: direct reception by the viewer, reception of local television affiliates, or receipt by the heads of all terrestrial cable systems.
Direct viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite or DBS and television receive-only or TVRO, both used for homes and businesses, including hotels, etc.
DBS
Satellite broadcasting home (DTH), also known as "Direct-To-Home" is a relatively new development in the world of television distribution. Broadcasting Satellite Directive may refer to communications satellites that provide services themselves or DBS television service real. systems DBS are called "mini-antenna systems". DBS uses the upper Ku-band and part of the Ka band.
Modified DBS systems can also be performed in C-band satellites and have been used by some networks in the past to move by some countries, legislation cons receiving transmissions in Ku band.
Most DBS systems use the DVB-S transmission. With pay TV services, the flow data is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. Although the underlying technology is very welcome, the television technology The payment is the owner, often consisting of a conditional access module and smart card.
This ensures TV providers Satellite not allowed, paying subscribers have access to pay TV content, but at the same time can allow free-to-air (FTA) to see, even by the people with the team Standard (DBS receivers without Conditional Access Modules) available on the market.
TV Reception single
The deadline for TV reception only, or TVRO, arose during the first days of the receipt of satellite television to differentiate uplink television commercial operations satellite downlink (transmission and reception). This was before there an industry DTH satellite broadcaster. Satellite TV channels at the time were intended to be used by networks cable television rather than received by viewers at home. Systems of satellite TV reception have been built in large part by amateurs, and engineers. These TVRO system operated mainly in the C-band frequencies and the dishes required were large, generally more than 3 meters (10 feet) in diameter. Consequently TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) television satellite.
TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds for television and audio from two repeaters For C-band satellite in Ku-band FSS-type. The higher frequency Ku-band systems tend to be direct and Interior Systems can use a smaller dish due to the transmission of higher energy and higher gain antenna.
TVRO systems are tend to use more rather than smaller satellite dishes, because it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a configuration C-band, rather than just a configuration Ku band only. additional mailboxes receiver capable of receiving different types of digital signals satellite, as DVB/MPEG-2 and 4DTV.
The narrow beamwidth of a parabolic antenna normal means that you can receive signals from a one satellite at a time. Simulsat or Toro vertex RSI is a near-earth satellite antenna dish to receive satellite transmissions from 35 or more Cy Ku-band satellites simultaneously.
Direct to Home TV
Today, satellite TV customers in most developed markets get their television programming through direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television provider such as flat or DTH platform. The supplier selects programs and programs to subscribers a package deal. Basically, the goal provider is to create tens or even hundreds of TV channels to customers in a manner that approximates competition from cable TV. Unlike the previous supplier of programming issue is entirely digital, which means it has high quality images and stereo sound. Early satellite television was released C-Band – 3.4 GHz radio in the (GHz) to 7 GHz digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz 14 GHz). There are five main elements involved in a direct (DBS satellite system): the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, satellite and receiver.
Programming sources are simply the channels that provide programming for broadcast. The supplier (DTH platform) doesn create original programming itself, but makes other companies (HBO, for example, or ESPN STAR or television or the Sahara, etc.) for the right to broadcast their content via satellite. Thus, the supplier is a distributor of emission sources. (Cable television networks also work on same principle.) Center is the central question of system. In the center of dissemination or the issuance of the uplink and the location, the provider receives television signals from multiple sources of emissions, compresses the signals using digital compression (coding needed), and beams a broadcast signal to the appropriate satellite. The satellite receives the signal broadcasting station and transmitted to the ground. The viewer senses the dish satellite signal (Or more satellites in the same part of the sky) and directs the receiver in the viewer home. The receiver processes the signal and transmits it to a TV standard. Here are the steps in detail:
Programming
The Cable companies get programming from two main sources: the international response channels (Such as HBO, ESPN and CNN, Star TV, SET, B4U etc.) and local multi-channel (SABE TV, Sahara TV, Doordarshan, etc..) Most of the channels also provide programming for cable TV, so sometimes some DTH platforms add some channels exclusively to its own to attract more subscribers. channels generally have a relief distribution center that beams their programming to a geostationary satellite. Center Satellite broadcasting uses large dishes to collect these analog and digital signals from various sources.
broadcasting facilities
Center dissemination converts all of this high quality programming, uncompressed digital stream. At this stage, the stream contains a lot of data about 270 megabits per second (Mbps) for each channel. To transmit the signal from there, the broadcast center has to compress. Otherwise, it would too big for the satellite to handle. The providers use the MPEG-2 compressed video with the same format used to store movies on DVD. MPEG-2 the provider can reduce the 270-Mbit stream / s to about 3 or 10 Mbps (depending on type of programming). It is the essential step for services DRS has been a success. With digital compression, a typical satellite can transmit about 200 channels. Without digital compression, it can transmit about 30 channels. In the center of diffusion, the flow of high quality digital video requires a MPEG-2 encoder, which converts the video programming into MPEG-2 class size correct for the satellite receiver at home.
The encryption and transmission
After the video is compressed, the provider needs to encrypt to prevent people can access for free. Encryption encodes the digital data so it can only be decrypted (converted into usable data) If the receiver is the satellite receiver with the correct decryption algorithm and the decoding keys. Once the signal is compressed and encrypted, the clearinghouse you do directly to one of its satellites. The satellite picks up the signal, amplifies it and beamed to Earth, where viewers can pick it up.
The dish
A satellite dish is a special type of antenna designed to focus on a specific source of emissions. The standard dish consists of a parabola (as a bowl) surface and a central feed horn. To transmit a signal, a controller sends the horn, and the dish focuses the signal beam relatively low. The dish on the receiving side can transmit information, but can not receive. The reception of the work on plate in front of the transmitter. When a ray hits the curved dish, the parabola shape reflects the radio signal within a certain time, as a concave mirror focuses light on a particular point. The curved dish focuses incoming radio waves in the Horn of feed. In this case, the point is the feed horn plate, which passes the signal to the receiving computer. In an ideal configuration, Aren major obstacles between the satellite and the dish, so the dish receives a clear signal. In some systems, the dish must receive signals from two or more satellites at the same time. Satellites can be quite close together that a regular dish with a single horn can pick up signals at once. This compromises quality somewhat, because the dish does not refer directly to one or more satellites. A new antenna design uses two or more horns to pick up signals from different satellites. As the beams from different satellites to hit the curved dish, they reflect at different angles so that one beam hits one of the horns and another beam hits a different horn. The central element in the Horn of feed is blockdown LNBF or LNB. The LNB amplifies the signal bounces off the dish and filter noise (signals not carrying programming). The LNB passes the amplified, filtered signal to the satellite receiver inside the viewer home.
Receiver
Besides information: Set-top boxes
The final component of the system is satellite TV receiver together. The receiver has four jobs Essentials: the de-coding the coded signal. To unlock the signal, the receiver is chip decoders for package of programming. The provider can communicate with the chip, through the satellite signal to make the necessary adjustments to its decoding programs. The supplier can sometimes send signals disrupt illegal decoders, such as cons ECM (ECM) against illegal users. Take the digital signal MPEG-2 and converts it into an analog format a standard television can recognize. Since the receiver spits out only one channel at a time, you can record one show and watch another. You can also watch two different programs, two televisions connected to one receiver. To do these things, which are standard on conventional cable, you must purchase an additional receiver. Some receivers have a number of other features as well. They pick a provider of programming signal and presenting this information in a program guide on screen. many receivers have options lock parenting, and some have integrated Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) that allow you to pause live TV or record a disk. While the digital broadcasting service by satellite is still missing some basic features of conventional cable (the ability to split easily between signals different TVs and VCRs, for example), the selection of various programs and areas of extended service is now includes as alternative.
Satellite television, by region and country
Africa
DSTV Multichoice South Africa is based on the first television provider Digital satellite in sub-Saharan Africa, broadcasting mainly in English but in Portuguese, German and Afrikaans. Canal Horizons, owned by Canal + In France, is the leading provider of French language in Africa. Another participant in the satellite circuit MyTvAfrica in Africa, a subsidiary of technology strong based in Dubai. Satellite TV has been much more effective in Africa than cable, primarily because the TV infrastructure cable does not exist and would be expensive to install because the majority of Africans can not afford cable television. In addition, maintaining a cable network is expensive because of the need to cover large areas and sparsely populated although there are some land pay-TV and MMDS services.
The launch of satellite television Free2view has made available to the masses in Africa. Free2view MSNBC as channel current and new issue is unique to launch additional channels.
GTV, a British company, has become sub-Saharan Service television digital satellite second focus for the first time in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Congo, ETC.
Nigeria
DSTV has traditionally held a monopoly on the sector of satellite television in Nigeria, but three new companies, a trend HiTVmytv and television beginning to compete in this sector
Sudan
Sudan TV, the national network of government property, is available by satellite, and broadcasting.
Americas
U.S.
It has been suggested that this section is divided into a new article entitled Satellite TV United States. (Discuss)
Currently, there are two major satellite TV providers subscription service available to consumers U.S.: Dish Network and DirecTV.
Over the past three decades, various U.S. satellite services have come and gone or combined to form current services in primary care. In 1975, RCA SATCOM created, the first satellite dedicated to the use of the time three television national (CBS, NBC and ABC). Later that same year, HBO leased a transponder on Satcom 1 and began broadcasting television programs satellite to cable networks. The owners of cable systems have paid $ 10,000 to install three antennas for receiving yards TV signals in band C. In 1976, Taylor Howard built an amateur system, which consisted of a plate of converted military surplus radar and satellite receiver designed and built by Howard, for receiving satellite households. Taylor's system could be used for receiving TV programs from satellite communications to both the American and Soviet. In 1977, Pat Robertson launched the service in the first basic cable transmitted by satellite called CBN cable network. In 1979, the Satellite Home fans law allows U.S. housing owners to own and operate their own private satellite system, consisting of C-band equipment from a multitude of manufacturers who have been manufacturing parts for systems such Howard Taylor, and started a major controversy which channels can be received by whom.
USSB is a direct service to the house, founded in 1981. In early 1990s was associated with Hughes and continued until he bought in 1998 by DirecTV.
In 1991 Primestar launched The first service in North America DBS. Hughes DirecTV, the first national high-power Ku-band DBS High, went online in 1994. The system is DirecTV become the vehicle for the delivery of new versions USSB. In 1996, EchoStar's Dish Network is online in the states of the United States and became a similar success as main competitor DirecTV. AlphaStar service launched in 1996 and went bankrupt in 1997. Dominion Video Satellite Inc., Sky Angel also went online to the United States 1996 with its DBS service focused on "faith and family." Primestar sold its assets to Hughes in 1999 and changed DBS IPTV platform.
In 2004, Cablevision Voom service available online, specifically oriented towards the emerging market of HDTV owners and enthusiasts, but who disappeared in April 2005. service channels Xclusive HD system have been migrated to the Dish Network. The DBS commercial services are the main competitors for the service cable TV, although both types of services have requirements significantly different regulation (eg, cable TV has requirements for public access, and both types of distribution have different regulations in regard to the distribution of local stations).
90cm Multi-satellite antenna LNA toroidal
The majority of ethnic language programming from North America are manufactured in the Ku band free-to-air. The largest concentration of ethnic programming is on Galaxy 19-97 W. Pittsburgh International Telecommunications and GlobeCast World TV offers a mix of free channels Standard Pay ethnic international TV DVB-S format, as the others. Home2US Communications Inc. also offers several ethnic channels on AMC-4 at 101 W, and other Pay TV channels and free. Several affiliates in the U.S. English-language network (in representation of the CBS, NBC, ABC, PBS, FOX, The CW (formerly The WB and UPN), ION Network and MyNetworkTV) are available as emissions to the air, as the three chains in the USA-Spain (Univisin, Telefutura and Telemundo). The number of specialty channels in the open air is also quite limited. Specific offerings tend TLC to come and go pretty often and usually with little or no notice, although sites such as LyngSat channels to monitor the availability variable two in the world free and paid.
On October 7, 2009, NAB Television Board President Paul Karpowicz scheduled to testify before the Subcommittee Senate on communications that broadcasters would be willing to allow subscribers to continue to do so distant signals, even if the transition to digital led to a number of subscribers receiving stations I could not do before. The NAB opposed the new offer distant signals, if a signal Digital is available. The Modernization Act of television should be approved before the end of 2009. The bill the House has also offered Dish Network distant signals. On November 5th, the President of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Patrick Leahy, said he expected an agreement "to short-term "in the bill approved by the Committee on September 24. If the Senate approves it, the House approved the bill, and if both versions can not be reconciled, the license to import signals that expires at year-end could be extended. The House version included an agreement with EchoStar, if possible, all markets can receive signals from Echostar 210 and could return to distant signals.
The Senate Commerce Committee adopted a version of the bill on November 19, without an amendment requiring local signals in all markets in three years, although a study in The 30 contracts that still have a problem. Before the approval of Senate, the two versions of the bill must be reconciled, the Judiciary Committee had a Short-market solution, while the bill requires Commerce Committee PBS in HD before.
The House passed Satellite Home Viewer Reauthorization Act on December 3. Included in the committee of the Chamber of Commerce and the House Judicial Committee press and renewed the ability to use the distant signals of five years, has to offer Dish Network distant signals again, and requires 28 markets to receive the signals are not available locally. Project Bill also deals with issues of copyright and Dish Network need to offer HD signals for non-commercial 2011 instead of 2013.
One potential problem: determining who can not receive a signal is still based on analog rather than digital television.
February 11 2010, Senate Majority Harry Reid said the satellite was part of a reauthorization bill jobs. Rick Boucher, Chairman of House of communications and the Internet, said the bill would pass. The deadline is March, as it has been extended for 60 days.
Canada
Currently, there are two major satellite TV providers of subscription services available to Canadian consumers: Bell and Shaw TV Direct.The CRTC denied allow satellite services USA, but hundreds of thousands (up to one million by some estimates) of Canadians access or have accessed U.S. services in general, these services must be billed to an address in America and paid in U.S. dollars, although some viewers receive signals across America pirate decryption. Whether this activity is the gray market or black market is the source of debate often heated between those who want more choice and those who argue that the protection of Canadian business and culture is more important. In October 2004, a judge of Quebec Ct decided Danile Canadian Radio Act to be in direct violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, insofar as it prohibits the receipt foreign television services without a license. The trial has given the federal government a period of one year to remedy the breach of the Constitution. However, this conflicts with previous decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, and the last word in late 2004, should be brought in appeal. [Edit] In addition, the Canadian satellite providers continue to be plagued by products on the black market, which, without doubt "pirate" or "steal" their signals, and a number of devices otherwise perfectly legal that can be reprogrammed to receive pirate TV. Although no official statistics, the use of U.S. satellite services in Canada appears to be down compared to 2004 Some say that this is probably due a combination of police enforcement of increasingly aggressive and unfavorable exchange rate between Canada and the U.S. currency. As the U.S. dollar is decline since 2005 against other international currencies, the decline of hearing DirecTV in Canada could be unrelated to a difference in the costs that number of smart card swaps which have made the first three generations of DirecTV access cards (F, H and HU) all obsolete.
America Latin
Latin America are leading satellite system SKY Latin America, which has about 1.4 million subscribers in each Brazil and Mexico and DirecTV Latin America, offering a service to the rest of the Americas, with a total of approximately 1.3 million subscribers. Pay TV is not popular among Latin Americans that the rights are costly in terms of PPP.
The service offered in Brazil includes Digital TV with Dolby Digital surround sound support, subways and options for multiple subtitles, for the first time on the Brazilian market. A recent upgrade services in Brazil is Sky Sky +, which allows customers to record one show while watching another, and Sky HD, which currently provides up 29 channels in high definition. The services are relatively expensive, however, therefore market penetration is still limited.
Asia
Bangladesh
There are several satellite providers in Bangladesh. The main ones are: – - # Bangla Vision – # NTV – RTV # – # ATN Bangla – Channel # – Site # 1 – # Kasturi – DD # – # Boishaki TV – ETV # – # DESH TV – TV Diganta # – # Islamic TV – STVUS # –
Kazakhstan
The first television salellite Kazakhstan Caspionet, was published by the news agency Khabar in 2002.
Malaysia
"Astro mini-plates."
single Malaysian satellite TV operator, Measat Broadcast Network Systems (a subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks plc) launched Astro in 1996. It currently holds exclusive rights Malaysian government to offer satellite television in the country until 2017.
Japan
The distribution medium scale satellite for experimental (BSE) was planned by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MOPT) and developed by the National Space Agency Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) since 1974. After that, the first Japanese experience broadcasting satellite called BSE or Yuri, was launched in 1978. NHK began broadcasting experimental television satellite BS-2a in May 1984. BS-2A satellite was launched for the start of broadcasts two channels on a large scale. Broadcasting Satellite BS-2a was the First National DBS (direct broadcast satellite) transmitting signals directly to home viewers. attitude control of the satellite was done using the 3 axial method (displacement zero), and duration of life was five years. TV transponder units are designed to amplify the signal enough to allow adequate care, or home 40 60 cm using satellite dishes. The satellite is equipped with 3 TV transponders (including units of reserve). But a transponder malfunction two months after launch (March 23, 1984), and there is a missed second three months after launch (May 3, 1984). By Therefore, the satellite broadcast scheduled had to be modified to quickly test the distribution of a single channel. Later, NHK started a service regular (NTSC) and HDTV or experimental BS-2b used in June 1989. Some Japanese manufacturers of consumer electronics in the house began TVSET deliver, video player and origin, including systems equipped with Acoustic satellite tuners or receivers. These electronic products have a logo specific BS. In April 1991, the Japanese company began ACC while pay television service satellite BS-3 Communications has been in use. In 1996, the total number of households receiving satellite broadcasting over 10 million euros. Both modern satellite systems in use BSAT and JCSAT in Japan, the modern WOWOW Broadcasting Satellite digital service uses BSAT satellites, while another series of television Digital Sky Broadcasting PerfecTV! uses JCSAT satellites.
Pakistan
In Recently there has been little investment in the television industry Pakistan. There are more than 90 satellite channels operating directly inside Pakistan and about 40 of its operating broadcasting from Dubai Thailand, Bangkok and the United Kingdom. [Edit]
Philippines
Dream Satellite TV is pay DTH service Philippines Multimedia Inc. (PMSI)
The DTV is pay DTH Cignal Mediascape Inc.
G Sat FUBC pay DTH service.
Thailand
See also: Truevision
and media Thailand
Truevision is the pay-TV service in Thailand operating cable television leader in Bangkok TV and satellite throughout the country. Truevision is owned by True Corporation. Sat Viet Nam is to launch in 4 / 2008 and GMM Grammy is the television service payment the second Thailand
Australasia
Australia
Satellite television in Australia has demonstrated a much more viable option than television cable, due to the large distance between the centers of population. The first service that connects in Australia was Galaxy, which was later taken by the cable TV giant Foxtel, which now operates cable and satellite to all state capital cities (except Darwin and Hobart) and all Western Australia. Rival Metropolitan Home was Optus Vision, while rural areas are served by Austar, both of which just rebroadcast Foxtel to from 2005. Operations began in 2006 SelecTV to offer relatively inexpensive packages for specialized market segments.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, SKY Network Television offers multichannel digital TV services by satellite, in addition to his service without digital terrestrial UHF. The new service launched DTT is also available on the satellite Optus D1, and a high definition digital land.
Europe
Continental Western Europe
In Europe, DBS satellite services are found mainly on Astra and Hotbird (operated by Eutelsat.) BSkyB (aka Sky) is the United Kingdom. SKY Italia, Canal Digitaal and UPC is the leading provider in Italy, the Netherlands and Central Europe.
The global market share of DBS satellite services in 2004 was 21.4% of TV households, the situation varies considerably from country to country. For example, Germany, with many stations of free television air, the DBS market share is nearly 40%, and Belgium and the Netherlands, only about 7% due to network wired off with exclusive content.
Russian
The first Soviet communication satellite, called Molniya (or "Lightning") was launched in 1965. In November 1967, the national satellite television called Orbita unfolded. The system consisted of three Molniya satellites very elliptical, ground facilities and uplink stations based in Moscow around 20 downlink, which is located in the towns and villages in the regions remote Siberia and the Far East. Each station has an antenna and receiver antenna 12 meters and transmit the signal for TV broadcasting local households.
However, a large part of Soviet Central regions are not yet covered by Molniya satellite transponders. In 1976, engineers developed a Soviet satellite relatively simple and inexpensive (especially for Central and Northern Siberia.) Including satellite geostationary called Ekran equipped with powerful 300 W UHF transponders, a broadcasting station on Simple and receive multiple stations in various cities in the region of Siberia. The typical receiving station, also called Ekran, was represented as a satellite receiver with home Simply using Yagi-Uda antenna analog. Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced satellites Ekran-M series.
In 1979, the Soviet engineers developed Moskva (or Moscow) and the signals of satellite television system for broadcast delivery. New type of satellite geostationary communications, called Gorizont, were launched. They were equipped with a transponder aboard powerful, and therefore the size receiver antenna dish downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 meters (compared to the first 12 – meter dishes of standard stations Orbital downlink).
In 1989, an improved version of the system of satellite television has been called Moskva Moskva Global'naya (Moscow or global). The system includes some type of Gorizont satellites and geostationary communication Express. The satellite TV signal from Moscow World could be received anywhere in the world except Canada and the northern United States.
Modern Russia, the satellite broadcasting services based on powerful bus geostationary and daughters, Express, Yamal Eutelsat and provide a large number of television channels free to air to millions homes. The pay television is increasingly popular among Russian TV viewers. The Russian Society News NTV, which belongs to Gazprom, the emissions of all NTV Plus to 560,000 households, reaching more than 1.5 million spectators. –
UK and Ireland
Sky Digital "mini-antenna"
The first commercial DBS service in the United Kingdom, Sky Television, was launched in 1989 and used the ASTRA has just been launched, providing four channels of analog television. The video channels and the system later, using the current encryption VideoCrypt PAL broadcast standard. This gave the sky a clear advantage over the winner of the state license DBS United Kingdom, BSB.
The following year, after many delays, BSB was launched, broadcasting five channels (now Galaxy, The Movie Channel, the center and the sports channel) format D-MAC, with video EuroCypher encryption, which relies heavily on the general system VideoCipher instruments used in the United States. BSB Although the system was technologically more suggested that the PAL system and one of the main selling points of the supply of BSB is the antenna square, one side of the antenna flat plate and the LNB. Sky system uses conventional plates and economic and technology LNB.
The competition between the two companies has been fierce and bidding wars for the rights of UK cinema. Sky keep costs to a minimum, the exploitation of an industrial park Isleworth in west London. BSB has offices in London expensive (Marco Polo House). The two services have merged to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) if the new BSkyB was really Sky. The latest technology BSB D-MAC/EuroCypher system was gradually replaced by the encryption Sky video VideoCrypt.
In 1994 17% of the group is listed on the London Stock Exchange (with ADRs listed on the New York Stock Exchange), and Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation owns a 35%.
In 1999, after the launch of several satellites (at 19.2E for SES Astra, the number of channels has increased to about 60 and BSkyB launched the first digital TV platform by subscription in the United Kingdom, offering a range of 300 channels for the transmission of satellite ASTRA 28.2E under the brand name Sky Digital. BSkyB's analogue service was suspended December 31, 2001 and all customers have migrated to Sky Digital.
In May 2008, a satellite service free-to-air BBC and ITV launched Freesat brand, carrying a variety of channels, including HD contents.
Nordic countries
The first satellite services specifically for the Nordic region was TV3 which launched in 1987. With the launch of ASTRA 1A, TV3 is now easier. The first satellite Nordic Specifically, Tele-X was launched in 1989. Services for the Scandinavian countries were then dispersed in several satellites. In 1993, the former BSB satellites were bought by a Swede and a Norwegian company, respectively. These two satellites were renamed Thor and Sirius in January 1, moved to New positions and started broadcasting services intended for persons in the Nordic region. With the launch of new satellites Thor and Sirius later in the 1990s, Astra and other satellites were abandoned by services in the Nordic countries with almost all television Satellite Nordic migration to the Sirius and Thor satellites.
Initially the basic channels free-to-air. This caused several rights problems since viewers across Europe have seen much of the programming language taught English and sports channels for free in the North, although the only rights channel known issues specific to the country. One way to avoid that was to change the PAL D2-MAC, hardly used anywhere outside the Nordic region. A channel with no encryption was still visible in all the Nordic satellite homes, so eventually all channels went encrypted (several of them are available in a country). There are two competing satellite services: Canal Digital (Norway Telenor) and Viasat (Kinnevik). Canal Digital launched in 1997 and has been digital since the beginning, broadcast Thor. Kinnevik has been operating an analogue subscription service since the end 1980, but waited until 2000 before launching a digital service. All analogue services from Thor and Sirius have ceased in 2006 when the three other channels Danish go digital only. The competition between Viasat and Canal Digital has made some homes in Scandinavia have to buy two decoders and two subscriptions to get the full range of channels. Viasat not provide their own channels (TV3, TV3 +, ZTV, TV1000 and Viasat channels mark) in the Canal Digital platform. Canal Digital has not exclusive distribution channel SBS Broadcasting, Discovery, Denmark, TV2 and Eurosport, for several years the Swedish SVT and TV4 channels as exclusive Canal Digital.
Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East has high penetration of homes receiving TV channels via DTH satellite. A pioneer of free-to-air digital satellite is considered that MBC has started broadcasting in the C-band Arabsat and is the first network the world that offers a free-air Western based English language movie channel in the Middle-owned media through its spin-off of channel 2 of the MBC. Its direct competitor is considered to Dubai, United Arab Emirates-based TV, formerly known as Channel 33, which was the first chain Middle East to provide entertainment in general English language expatriate community.
Nourmina Satellite Channel is the first part a Jordanian private sector, which issues the Nile Sat 12303H reluctantly covering all Arab countries, Africa and most of Europe – The first DTH pay-TV network to provide digital entertainment has been India-orbit satellites and television broadcasting network Eurobird 2 (Ku band), later, Showtime Arabia a joint venture between Viacom (21% interest) and KIPCO (participation 79%) began to broadcast, through PanAmSat (C band), but later changed to Nilesat (Ku band). Arab Radio and Television (ART) now known as Arab Digital Distribution, even if last turn, has gained ground by broadcasting exclusive sports events. The most popular channels are broadcast by these satellites and the positions orbitals: Arabsat 26E, 100.5E 105.5E AsiaSat and Eutelsat Hot Bird 13E, Nilesat 7W and PanAmSat at 68.5E. + At present, there are two main suppliers TV satellite subscription service available to Canadian consumers: Bell Direct TV and Shaw.
In Israel, the satellite television services were presented by YES! company, using Israeli based Amos (satellite).
See also
Satellite TV
microwave antenna
Commercialization of space
FTA Receiver
Molniya
References
^ Robertson, Lloyd (9/11/1972). "Anik A1 Output: close gap. "CBC English TV. Http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594. Accessed on 25/01/2007.
^ The BBC: Country Profile: Sudan. Last Update given at 13:38 GMT, Wednesday, June 18, 2008 2:38 p.m. United Kingdom. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
^ LyngSat monitoring
^ Eggerton, John (10/06/2009). "NAB does not oppose some vested interests of distant signals." Broadcasting & Cable. Http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/356999-NAB_Won_t_Oppose_Some_Grandfathering_Of_Distant_Signals.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Accessed 10/09/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (11/05/2009). "Look for Leahy to short-term" agreement on the renewal of the satellite. "Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/382942-Leahy_Looks_for_Short_Time_Agreement_on_Satellite_Reauthorization.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. This Document 10/11/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (19/11/2009). "Senate passes bill extending satellite. Broadcasting & Cable. Http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/389824-Senate_Passes_Satellite_Reauthorization_Bill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Accessed on 20/11/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (12/03/2009). "SHVRA convincingly adopted by the House." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/417629-SHVRA_Passes_Convincingly_in_House.php?rssid=20065&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 12/03/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (12/15/2009). "The bill is said to extend satellite Board the house. "Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/440498-Satellite_Bill_Extension_Said_To_Be_On_Table_In_House.php?rssid=20103&q=digital+tv. Accessed 17/12/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (02/11/2010). "The Senate version of the bill satellite Hits Hill." Broadcasting & Cable. Http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/448896-Senate_Version_of_Satellite_Bill_Hits_Hill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Accessed on 25/02/2010.
^ "CTV.ca Objectives request | satellite distributors gray market." CTV.ca. Updated Mon. October 21, 2002 8:46 p.m. ET. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1035231116797_30640316//. Accessed 09/06/2008.
^ "News from TV broad Broadband | Home Central | and Eastern Europe. "Broadbandtvnews.com. http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/archive_cen/240306.html. Accessed 09/06/2008.
Connections External
Lyngemark Satellite Maps
satellite offices around the world and provide information, available in a variety range of languages
Following satellite
Satellite XML generator
SES Astra fleet interactive map
SES Astra guide to channels
Satellite-TV/TVRO List FAQ / C-Band
Linowsat Videobitrate PID-Lists and tables
And the digital satellite broadcasting
The story of Steve Birkill and C-Band Satellite TV Sooner
Brand Statsionar Russia on satellite systems
Online Satellite Calculations
Satellite line search based on Google Maps
EV
Cable satellite and other specialty television providers
Cable
TV
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Satellite
TV
AB Sat Airtel Digital AlphaStar Arab TV Digital Art Distribution Astro TV Astro Nusantara Austar Bell BIG TV Channel Boom Digital CanalSat CanalSat CanalSat CanalDigitaal CanalSat Horizon CanalSat Carabus Caldonia Caspionet Meeting D-Cyfra + DD Direct Plus Intelligent DialogTV Digi TV Digital + Digit-Alb Digitürk DirecTV Dish Network Dish TV DStv Euro1080 Focus Sat Freesat Dolce Dream Foxtel Freesat Sky Freeview (NZ) GlobeCast World TV Indovision Globosat Glorystar HiTV Home2US Kristal-Astro Max TV MBC (Middle East) N (Poland) NTV Cyprus NOVA NOVA Greece Orbit Showtime addition Deutschland SelecTV Sky PrimeStar Shaw Direct Red Sky Digital Sky Italia Sky Latin America Skylife Sky PerfecTV! Sky TV (NZ) STAR TV STAR Select Sun TV Tata Sky satellite television tiv Truevision TelkomVision TV Vlaanderen Digitaal UBI Cabo TPS World TV Viasat Viasat Ukraine TVTEL Voom WOWOW yes USSB
IPTV
Alice Home TV (Italy) Beeline (Russia) Belgacom BSNL BT Clix Bell Aliant TV with Canal Digital Vision DartyBox Crnogorski Telekom Deutsche Telekom (T-Home) DTV Elion (Estonia) Fastweb (Italy) Free Fine TV hanaTV Freewire TV (Korea) Imagenio iNES Infostrada TV (Italy) Tel KPN of P & T (Luxembourg) TV Maroc Telecom (Morocco) Nine TV now TV Orange Portugal Telecom MTNL million (Meo) Sky Angel ShqipTV T-Com Hrvatska T-Home TV Tele2 TeliaSonera TalkTalk Telefnica Macedonia Telmex TV Tiscali TV (Italy) TrueIPTV TPG IPTV (Thailand) TVCatchup U-verse VDC Viasat
Terrestrial
TV
Boxer (Sweden) Cablevision (Lebanon) Doordarshan TDT (Australia) Freeview (NZ) Freeview (UK) KPN (Netherlands) La 7 Cartap (Italy) Mediaset Premium (Italy) TV MiTV Multi-Choice (Barbados) Pakistan Television Corporation PlusTV (Finland) RiksTV (Norway) Numrique Tlvision Sky Picnic (France) Top Up TV digital terrestrial Televisa (Portugal)
Fiber optic
TVTEL Verizon FiOS AT & T fiber meo
EV
and wireless video distribution methods data
Advanced Wireless Services Amateur television analog TV Radio Digital TV Digital TV Europe's digital, digital terrestrial television (DTT or Freeview)
Digital Broadcasting Video Broadcasting (DVB) Terrestrial – Satellite – Video Pocket Multipoint Distribution System (MVDS or DVB-MS) HomeRF Educational Television Fixed Service (ITFS) is now known As broadband service for Education (BSE) in Ku band Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) Microwave Mobile broadband Mobile TV mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) mobile access broadband wireless (IEEE 802.20), Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), now known as the Business Radio Service (BRS) MVDDS MVDS multimedia service of multicast (3G MMMS) Internet Access Satellite Radio Satellite TV Satellite UWB (IEEE 802.15.3) Visual sensor Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) WiMAX (IEEE 802.20) WRAN (IEEE 802.22) wireless local loop (WLL) wireless broadband USB wireless 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
4G
EV
satellite communication
Lead Stories
Satellite Radio Satellite TV Satellite Broadcasting Satellite Transponder List Access Internet Communications Satellite companies list first earth station satellite communications More …
Equipment
satellite phone modem very small aperture terminal satellite
Satellite Radio / TV
DVB-SH S-DMB DVB-RCS DVB-S2 digital audio radio services over satellite radio … Satellite TV more …
corporate radio / television
1worldspace Astra Digital Radio Sirius XM Satellite Radio XM Radio Sirius Satellite Radio Sky Television DirecTV Dish AfriStar Network Plc
Business satellite relay
Inmarsat SES Astra Eutelsat Arianespace EADS Astrium Thales Alenia Space, Boeing and Lockheed Martin Systems SED Viasat Tooway Globalstar
Trade Organizations
ETSI Satellite Digital Radio Advisory Committee for Space Data Systems
See also: Category: Satellites Telecommunications
Categories: Satellite TV | Satellite broadcasting Categories | stationsHidden soil: Articles with words weasel March 2009 | All articles with check references in December 2009 | All articles with articles lacking sources | split article April 2009 | Articles split from April 2009 | All articles to be split | lacking sources from February 2007 | Articles linked since April 2008 About the Author
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